Topic 9: Innovations and markets (HL)

9.1 Corporate Strategies

NOD:

• The strategy of a company can determine the success of a company.
• Appropriate strategies can be selected from the evaluation of products, services and systems to allow the company to achieve its aims and objectives.

PIONEERING STRATEGY AND IMITATIVE STRATEGY
Comparison of success between pioneering and imitative strategies.

Pioneering is to enter the market with a new innovation and be the first to do so.
Imitative is to develop products that resemble already existing products.

[Table for positives and negatives for each strategy.]



[Example company.]



MARKET DEVELOPMENT
Developing current products which could open new markets for the product. This allows companies to target customers outside of their current target market by developing the product to attract these customers.
[Example]

MARKET PENETRATION
Creating new products, modifying of updating products to target the existing customers and current target market in order to gain a larger presence in that market and increase sales or finding new customers for an existing product.

This can be done in a variety of different ways:

• Adding new features to current products.
• Updating and enhancing the product.
• Increasing the product range by providing more options or various designs to choose from.
• Releasing different types of the same general product (different flavoured soda as different products under the same company).

Strategies the company can use:

• Product promotion to release information about the product, brand or company to make it desirable within the targeted market.

[Above the line and below the line --> table]

[Example company/product]

PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATION
Development of both the company and the product, creating new products to target new markets. [Developing new products for new markets.]

HYBRID APPROACHES
Using both pioneering and imitative strategies. This may be done in order to:

• increase and maximize sales and profit.
• reduces risks of pioneering strategy.
• [provide for quick turn around]
• [reduces R&D spending]

Examples of a company and its products that are a result of a hybrid approach.


CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
How corporate social responsibility may be a particular goal of a company whereby the aim is to benefit and minimize the disadvantages.
The responsibility a company has to society in regulating its social, economical and environmental impacts. The company must asses the impacts it has in these three areas to benefit and minimize the disadvantages.

Examples of evidence of effective corporate social responsibility for a major multinational company.
[EXAMPLE]

DT Topic 9

Posted by Anonymous in DT , Topic 9

Topic 9: Innovations and markets (HL)

Topic 9: PLANT BIOLOGY (HL)

9.1 Transport in the xylem of plants

Transpiration
Transpiration is the inevitable consequence of gas exchange in the leaf.

Modelling water transport 
Models of water transport in xylem using simple apparatus including blotting or filter paper, porous pots and capillary tubing.

Using a potometer (PRACTICAL)
Measurement of transpiration rates using potometers.

Effect of humidity on transpiration
Design of an experiment to test hypotheses about the effect of temperature or humidity on transpiration rates.

Xylem structure helps withstand low pressure
The cohesive property of water and the structure of the xylem vessels allow transport under tension.

Data-based questions: The Renner experiment

Tension in leaf cell walls maintain the transpiration stream
The adhesive property of water and evaporation generate tension forces in leaf cell walls.

Active transport of minerals in the roots
Active uptake of mineral ions in the roots causes absorption of water by osmosis.

Replacing losses from transpiration
Plants transport water from roots to leaves to replace losses from transpiration.

Adaptions for water conservation
Adaption of plants in deserts and in saline soils for water conservation.

Drawing xylem vessels
Drawing the structure of primary xylem vessels in sections of stems based on microscope images.

Nature of science
Use models as representations of the real world: water transport mechanisms in the xylem can be modeled using apparatus and materials that will show similarities in structure to plant tissue.

9.2 - Transport in the phloem of plants

Translocation occurs from source to sink
Plants transport organic compounds from sources to sinks.

The transport of organic solutes in plants (sap) is known as translocation.
sources - where sap is made, stored or absorbed.
sinks - where sap is used or stored.
[structure of phloem]

Phloem loading
Active transport is used to load organic compounds into phloem sieve tubes at the source.
Sucrose is not available for plants to metabolize during respiration and is therefore used to transport carbohydrates as it will not metabolize. This makes sucrose the most prevalent solute in sap that is transported in the phloem.

[image of phloem loading]
Pressure and water potential differences play a role in translocation

Data-based questions: Explaining water movement

Phloem sieve tubes
Experiment using aphid stylets

Data-based questions

Radioisotopes as important tools in studying translocation

Data-based questions: Radioactive labelling [1]

Biology Topic 9

Posted by Anonymous in Biology , Topic 9

Topic 9: PLANT BIOLOGY (HL)

Biology

Core
Topic 1 -
Topic 2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Higher-Level Only
Topic 9: PLANT BIOLOGY (HL)

Biology Topic 1 Topic 10 Topic 11 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5 Topic 6 Topic 7 Topic 8 Topic 9

Posted by ChocoMalt in Biology , Topic 1 , Topic 10 , Topic 11 , Topic 2 , Topic 3 , Topic 4 , Topic 5 , Topic 6 , Topic 7 , Topic 8 , Topic 9

Biology